During your first year, you spend six months on the medical neurology services, including three months as junior resident in the neurosciences intensive care unit. Additionally, you spend one month neuro-otology, one month on plastics, one month on the chief resident service, and one month of neurophysiology.

By the end of this first year, the you will have a basic understanding of neurological disease and be competent to perform a neurological history and examination. You will have a strong knowledge base for evaluating and caring for the critically ill patient in an intensive care setting. In addition, you will have performed basic neurosurgical procedures including intracranial pressure (ICP) monitor placement, external ventricular drain, laminectomy exposures, and basic craniotomies.

This first year is expected to lay the foundation of knowledge and skills required for a superlative career in neurosurgery. On average, PGY-1 residents perform approximately 200 cases as first assistants.

During these years, residents are assigned to quarterly rotations on the clinical neurosurgery services of the various consultants. The clinical assignment system is unique in that you work one-on-one with each staff neurosurgeon for three-month intervals before rotating. This allows the evolution of a strong teaching mentorship.

During these years, resident surgical skills significantly advance. It is expected that during this time, depending on your skill set, you will perform critical portions of each operation with the staff surgeon serving as an assistant and coach. It is also expected that you will better define your clinical interests and begin to formalize your career goals during the PGY-2 and PGY-3 years. On average, PGY-2 and PGY-3 residents perform approximately 400-500 cases per year as first assistants.

During the PGY-4 year, you will complete your trauma and pediatric rotations, as well as an elective at Mayo Clinic Rochester. You will spend five months at the University of Florida Health in Jacksonville, Florida for a trauma rotation learning complex cranial, complex spine, and cerebrovascular surgery. Additionally, four months are reserved for a dedicated pediatric neurosurgery rotation at Wolfson Children’s Hospital in Jacksonville, Florida, where you learn about complex pediatric neurosurgical pathologies. In addition, residents will also spend three months at Mayo Clinic in Rochester, Minnesota, for an elective neurosurgical rotation in the specialty of their choice. During this year, you take the American Board of Neurological Surgery written examination. A score at or above 75 percent is considered requisite for advancement to chief residency.

A formal, required curriculum of skull base, microvascular, and peripheral nerve techniques is simultaneously completed, both to facilitate anatomic study and to prepare residents for senior-level roles. Final planning decisions are made for upcoming career development. On average, PGY-4 residents perform approximately 500 cases per year as first assistants.

Up to 24 months are allocated for career development, typically taken as a single block during the PGY-5 and PGY-6 time frame. Dedicated laboratory research, enfolded fellowships, visiting electives at Mayo Clinic's campuses in Florida and Arizona, and acquisition of advanced degrees are common academic pursuits during this time. But flexibility and adaptability to the needs of each individual resident's career are emphasized.

For residents who are pursuing a one- or two-year research block, applications for a Neurosurgery Research and Education Foundation (NREF) training grant and/or an NIH F32 training grant are highly encouraged. If basic research is chosen, a research plan should have been developed the preceding year with a mentor identified. Clinical research projects also may be chosen, and potentially pursued via the Clinician-Investigator Training Program or a master's degree.

The emphasis during the research year is toward the development of critical scientific methodology and production of meaningful contributions to basic science or clinical knowledge. For those pursuing additional clinical neurosurgery training, the goal is to develop advanced surgical training in a subspecialty area of interest.

Within these two years, both research and advanced clinical training can be combined. Furthermore, you are strongly encouraged to rotate to Mayo Clinic in Jacksonville, Florida, or Mayo Clinic in Phoenix/Scottsdale, Arizona, for advanced clinical training, notably in endovascular surgery, skull base and neuro-oncology surgery, complex adult spine surgery, or minimally invasive spine surgery.

During the final 12 months of training, chief residents have responsibility for managing their own clinical service and operating room. This is unique among training programs.

Perhaps the greatest strength of our singular training program is that the Mayo Clinic chief residency allows senior trainees to function as junior faculty with the privileges of an autonomous starting operating room in which they are the primary surgeons. Chief resident cases are booked on an elective basis from their own active clinical practices. Further, you will manage all emergency neurosurgery cases and in-house consultations, providing for consultant-level decision-making and management across the full breadth of neurosurgery.

During this time as a chief resident, you will alternate emergency call, elective surgery, and outpatient consultation on a daily basis with a chief resident partner — a schedule akin to that of our full-time faculty. You are given the opportunity to rotate again for three to six months acting as a primary resident on senior faculty services to acquire additional expertise in areas of subspecialty training such as spine, cerebrovascular, endovascular, skull base, tumor, epilepsy, peripheral nerve, stereotactic surgery, or radiosurgery. On average, PGY-7 residents perform approximately 450-500 cases per year.

There is a mock oral board case followed by a lecture typically given by neurosurgical colleagues from around the world. In 2019, there were 35 guest professors who discussed various issues from neurosurgical management to neuroscience research to economics of neurosurgery. All faculty and residents attend this conference.

Complex cases are presented by Drs. Meyer, Van Gompel, Link, and Parney, in which preoperative diagnosis, surgical approaches, technical pearls, and postoperative complications are discussed.

This is a rotating conference focusing on spinal disorders. The agenda alternates between spine journal club, spine trauma case conference, nontrauma case conference, and didactic lectures. The course is taught by joint faculty from the orthopedic surgery and neurological surgery departments. Case conferences are resident driven, whereas didactic lectures are consultant driven.

The first Thursday of every month is a resident-led, board-focused didactic lecture. The second Thursday is Research Grand Rounds, where investigators present their research to the residents to help inform you of opportunities available for pursuit during your career development. The third Thursday is dedicated to cranial journal club, the fourth Thursday is dedicated to pediatric journal club, and the fifth Thursday is a chairman's conference, during which Dr. Spinner meets with the residents to discuss a broad range of academic, administrative, or other salient topics.

This is a multispecialty conference in which four interesting brain tumor cases are presented and discussed. The faculty from all the neuroscience specialties including neurology, medical oncology, neuropathology, and neuroradiology are in attendance. The format of this conference is standardized and educationally targeted, incorporating the case presentation, pertinent radiology, surgical approach, pathology, and adjunctive treatment with an open forum for discussion and analysis as appropriate.

Multiple subspecialty conferences are held daily throughout Mayo Clinic, which are all open to neurosurgery residents. These include a neuroradiology conference, surgical epilepsy conference, pediatric neuro-oncology conference, and many others.

The Clinician Investigator Training Program is available to residents who wish to prepare for an academic career involving a significant research component. This competitive program provides support for an additional one to two years of research outside of the usual scheduled resident rotations.

Upon completion, a certificate in clinical investigation for a master's degree in neurosurgery is awarded.

The Center for Clinical and Translational Science offers programs designed to train future investigators in clinical research through a curriculum focused on research methodology, complemented by mentor-based training in the research environment.

Options include a master's degree in clinical research, or a shorter program awarding a certificate in clinical research.

There is a formalized pathway available to neurosurgery residents for obtaining a doctorate in molecular neuroscience, biomedical engineering, or molecular physiology, which requires a minimum of two to three years of study and research, culminating in a dissertation.

The in-residency doctoral program has been designed to maximize flexibility, allowing for an individualized curriculum, with appropriate oversight from an advisory and mentorship committee.

This program, offered in conjunction with Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, should be strongly considered by neurosurgical residents interested in obtaining advanced basic science experience for a career in academic neurosurgery.